太湖五里湖背角无齿蚌体内滴滴涕和六六六的残留

作为建立淡水"贝类观察"体系的初步尝试,选定2003年3月采自太湖五里湖水域的背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)为研究对象,测定其体内滴滴涕(DDT)和六六六(HCH)含量.除β型外,α型、γ型和δ型HCH异构体及p,p'-DDE,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD,p,p'-DDT均在蚌样本中明显检出.∑DDTs湿重含量5.86～14.13 ng·g-1[平均(9.27±3.04) ng·g-1],高于∑HCHs湿重含量2.45～6.46 ng·g-1[平均(4.00±1.22) ng·g-1].p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD与α型、γ型HCH异构体分别为∑DDTs和∑HCHs的优势组分,说明太湖五里湖水域目前DDT的污染源可能很少,但存在较明显的新输入HCH.各蚌样的残留水平没有超过农业部、美国食品与药品管理局(FDA)和联合国粮农组织(FAO)颁布的最大限量.     

S–O–C isotopic picture of sulphate–methane–carbonate system in freshwater lakes from Poland. A review

Microbial oxidation of organic compounds (including methane), in freshwater sediments, may result in precipitation of carbonates, which may become an important geochemical archive of paleoenvironmental variations. Most probably low δ¹³C value in calcite in eutrophic systems results from an advanced oxidation of organic compounds in turbulent or/and sulphate-rich conditions. Likewise, high δ¹³C value in calcite from organic-rich sediments may evidence low redox potential of the freshwater system. Oxidation of methane and organic matter results in significant isotope effects in sulphates dissolved in water. Therefore, to better understand the origin of carbon isotope signal in carbonates, concentration and stable isotope measurements in dissolved sulphate (water column), bubble methane and calcite (freshwater sediments) have been carried out in 24 lakes, 2 ponds and 4 rivers in Poland. The highest concentration of sulphate has been detected in rivers (85.47 SO₄ ²⁻ mg/l) and an artificial lake (70.30 SO₄ ²⁻ mg/l) located in the extremely SO₄ ²⁻-polluted region called the “Black Triangle”. The lowest concentration of sulphate is found in dystrophic and mountain lakes (from 0.5 SO₄ ²⁻ to about 3 mg/l). The lowest δ³⁴S(SO₄ ²⁻) and δ¹⁸O(SO₄ ²⁻) values occur in unpolluted lakes in eastern Poland (−0.94 and 1.38‰, respectively). The highest S and O isotopic ratios are found in a polluted lake in western Poland (δ¹⁴S(SO₄ ²)=12.95‰) and in a dystrophic lake in eastern Poland (δ¹⁸O(SO₄ ²) = 16.15‰) respectively. It is proposed that δ³⁴SO₄ ²⁻ and (¹⁸O(SO₄ ²⁻) values in lakes represent a good tool to assess and quantify anthropogenic impact by acid precipitation and to monitor variations in the trophic state and redox processes controlled by biodegradation of organic compounds in sediments and water column. In general, increasing depth (up to 12 m) of the water column is associated with decreasing trend the δ¹³C(CH₄) value from about –35 to about –78‰. However, δ¹³C value in sedimentary calcite (δ¹³C vary from –10 to 0.5‰) shows opposite trends as compared to the corresponding methane. This is probably due to redox processes and distribution of heavy isotopes between methane and calcite. Likewise, turbulent water (river) show high δ¹³C value in methane and low δ¹³C value in calcite—this is probably due to an enhanced oxidation of methane producing ¹³C-depleted CO₂. In contrast to clean lakes, it is observed that an increase of the δ¹³C(CH₄) value occurs with increasing depth of the water column in a strongly SO₄ ²⁻-contaminated lake. This is probably due to a loss of biological buffering potential of the lake accompanied by an active oxidation of methane precursors.     

浮叶植物重建对富营养化湖泊氮磷营养水平的影响

利用太湖五里湖污染底泥，在不破坏表层沉积物形态和结构的情况下，利用大口径的采样器采集沉积物柱状样，研究浮叶植物荇菜（Limnanthemun nymphoides）在此底泥上适应性生长情况及其对水体以及沉积物中氮磷的影响。结果表明，在培养实验过程中，荇菜生长使上覆水体中的氮、磷营养水平逐渐降低，藻类的生长明显受到克制，水体透明度增加，水质逐渐改善。通过植物根系对沉积物和问隙水中营养盐的直接吸收，使表层（0～5cm）沉积物与问隙水中氮磷营养盐的水平在实验结束后有明皿下降，对于控制沉积物内源营养盐释放有重要的作用。因此，恢复以水生植物为丰的水生生态系统足重建富营养湖泊生态系统和控制湖泊内源负荷的重要措施。     

太湖富营养化现状,趋势及其综合整治对策

在１９９４￣１９９５年太湖９次富营养化现状调查基础上，评价了太湖各期营养程度，并分析了３５年来主要营养物含量发展趋势。结果表明，太湖营养水平处于中富向富营养过渡状态，中富面积约占全湖面积的７０％以上，夏季富营养及重富营养水域出现在北部湖区的梅梁湖、五里湖和西部沿岸带，约占全湖面积的１０％，３０多年来湖体中形态营养元素含量有较大增长，尤其是磷增长最快，使氮磷比下降。太湖水源地梅梁湖营养程度由１９８１     

滇池的污染及其控制对策

滇池是昆明市的主要水源，是昆明市国民生产发展的经济命脉。由于人类活动的影响，导致滇池湖泊生态系统发生了一系列变迁．汇水区域森林覆盖率降低；水土流失严重，湖泊水域缩小，水体有机污染及富营养化日趋严重；水体质量下降；湖泊老化等环境问题、针对问题，采取综合治理措施。     

滇池沉积物间隙水中氮、磷形态及相关性的研究

对滇池40个样点沉积物间隙水中的氮、磷形态与浓度分析研究结果表明，滇池沉积物间隙水中磷的区域分布特征与其在水体中的分布特征相似，滇池南部间隙水中无机磷浓度较高，有机磷的浓度极低，而北部有机磷浓度较高；间隙水中氨氮（NH4^＋ -N），浓度高出硝酸盐氮（NO3^- -N）浓度约2个数量级，间隙水中氮向上覆水的扩散主要以氨氮为主．滇池沉积物间隙水中氮、磷浓度远高于水体中氮磷浓度，有较强的释放趋势．进一步研究间隙水中氮、磷的关系则表明，沉积物间隙水中总磷和总氮未见明显相关性，但间隙水中总磷、有机磷均与硝酸盐态氮呈负相关．     

大理西湖水质变化趋势分析

通过对１９９１－１９９５年大理州西湖水质监测资料的分析，研究了西湖水质现状及其变化趋势。同时，应用灰色关联度模型对其富营养化进行了评价，并提出防治措施及建议。     

滇池富营养化与藻类资源

目前滇池外海处于重富营养化状态，藻类以蓝藻和绿藻为优势类群，蓝藻生物量占明显优势。据预测，到２００５年外海的水质和富化状况将比目前有较大改善，但仍处于富营养状态，局部水域在夏秋季节仍会发生“水华”现象，直接收获蓝藻一终端控制污染途径，其资源化利用有一定的经济和环境效益。     

光照、温度和营养盐对滇池微囊藻生长的影响

研究了光照、温度与营养盐对滇地铜绿微囊藻（Ｍｉｃｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｓａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａ）生长的影响。实验表明，在５００～５０００ｌｘ光强范围内，随光强增加，比增殖速率加大；在２２～３５℃区间内，比增殖速率随温度的升高而增加，且温度的影响大于光照；氮磷比（Ｎ／Ｐ）值在５～１０范围内，比增殖速率变化较大，Ｎ／Ｐ值为１４．５时，比增殖速率达最大值。滇池湖水的氮磷比值为１４．４左右，与实验值相接近。根据实验结果及限制因子的定义，总体上讲，滇池中磷是藻类生长的主要限制因子，控制滇池富营养化应以控制磷为主。     

Three-dimensional eutrophication model and application to Taihu Lake, China

Taihu Lake, the largest freshwater shallow lake in eastern China, has suffered from severe eutrophication over the past two decades. This research developed a three-dimensional eutrophication model to investigate the eutrophication dynamics. The model fully coupled the biological processes and hydrodynamics, and also took into account the effects of sediment release and the external loads from the tributaries. After sensitivity analyses, the key parameters were defined and then calibrated by the field observation data. The calibrated model was applied to study the seasonal primary productions and its regional differences. The comparisons between model results and field data in year 2000 indicated that the model is able to simulate the eutrophication dynamics in Taihu Lake with a reasonable accuracy. From the simulation experiments, it was found that the meteorological forcing have significant influences on the temporal variations of the eutrophication dynamics. The wind-induced circulation and sediment distribution play an important role in the spatial distribution of the algae blooms.